Evaluation of the position of the permanent maxillary canine and its relationship to dental anomaly patterns in the paediatric patient.

AIM: To evaluate the prevalence of ectopic eruption of the permanent maxillary canine in patients 6 to 10 years of age and its relationship to other dental anomalies, age and sex of the patient. MATERIALS: Study design: Descriptive, cross-sectional, observational, and retrospective study METHODS: A total of 260 panoramic radiographs were collected from patients who had their first visit at the Paediatric Dentistry Department of the Hospital HM Nens, HM Hospitals in Barcelona from January to May 2021. The prevalence of ectopic eruption was evaluated based on the following variables: age, sex, inclination angle and mesiodistal position of the crown of the permanent maxillary canine. Additionally, the presence of other dental anomalies was recorded. The statistical analysis to evaluate the relationship between two categorical variables was carried out using the Chi-square (or Fisher) test with unrelated samples and the Mann-Whitney test with related samples. A p-value of 0.05 and a 95% reliability level were considered statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of ectopic eruption of the permanent maxillary canine was 9.23%. In this sample, no relationship was found between patients with maxillary canine with abnormal position and inclination and the presence of other dental anomalies.

Treatment of ectopic eruption of the maxillary first permanent molar in children and adolescents: A scoping review.

AIM: Ectopic eruption of the first permanent molar (EFUPM) is defined as its local disturbed eruptive behaviour, positioning too mesially against the distal aspect of the second upper primary molar during the developing mixed dentition. The EFUPM prevalence is up to 6% and affects both genders equally. The present study aimed to perform a scoping review to collect the most relevant studies published in the last 30 years and focused on the different strategies, traditional and novel, for treating irreversible uni- or bilateral EFUPM in children. This review also aimed to make recommendations and map the gaps in this clinical topic. METHODS: An electronic and manual search was conducted in five databases according to previously established eligibility criteria, using different combinations of keywords, MeSH terms, and Boolean operators. Titles, abstracts, and full-text articles were screened and selected by pre-calibrated reviewers. A data charting was also accomplished for summarising the overview of the evidence. CONCLUSION: Paediatric dentists must learn to diagnose and treat this condition early in order to allow the prevention of future malocclusions and other clinical sequelae. Practitioners have at their disposal a variety of corrective options available for the successful resolution of EFUPM.

Surgical approach of ectopic maxillary third molar avulsion: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Ectopic maxillary third molars (EMTM) are extracted mainly by the Caldwell-Luc technique but also by nasal endoscopy. There is currently no consensus on the treatment of this eruption and its management is heterogeneous and multidisciplinary. Two literature searches were performed with no time restrictions via Pubmed. In the first, we used the keywords "ectopic AND third molar" and in the second the keywords "dentigerous cyst AND ectopic third molar". For both articles, epidemiological, symptomatic, radiological and surgical data were recorded. Overall, 33 eligible articles were identified involving 39 cases of EMTM. 79% of patients were symptomatic. 87% of the teeth were associated with a dental cyst. In only 13% of cases was the location of the tooth in the sinus specified in the three planes of the space. Surgery was performed in 77% of patients by the Caldwell-Luc technique, by nasal endoscopy in 10% and by the Le Fort I approach in 3%. The indications for avulsion of EMTM are symptomatic patients or asymptomatic patients with an associated cyst. The intra-sinusal location of the tooth is not a factor in the choice of technique used, which depends rather on the individual skills of the surgeon. Although for a trained operator the Le Fort I osteotomy is an easy procedure, its interest in the treatment of EMTM is limited owing to the rare but potentially severe complications involved.

Frequency and association of maxillary ectopic canine with incisor root resorption and dental agenesis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of maxillary ectopic canine both buccally and palatally displaced with incisor root resorption and dental agenesis. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was conducted from April 8 to June 29, 2019, at the Department of Orthodontics, Dr. Ishrat Ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, and Dow Dental College, Dow University Of Health Sciences, Karachi, and comprised orthodontic patients diagnosed with maxillary ectopic canine eruption. Root resorption and agenesis were diagnosed on panoramic films. Root resorption was further confirmed by periapical radiographs. Data was analysed using SPSS 21. RESULTS: Of the 98 subjects, 86(87.8%) had buccally displaced canines of which 38(44.2%) were associated with root resorption, while 12(12.2%) patients had palatally displaced canines of which 10(83.3%) had root resorption (p=0.011). Overall, 30(30.6%) lateral incisors were resorbed, 7(7.1%) both central and lateral incisors, 5(5.1%) premolars, and 6(6.1%) both lateral incisors and premolars were resorbed. Agenesis was detected in 10 (10.2%) subjects (p=0.62). CONCLUSIONS: There was found to be no association of maxillary ectopic canines with incisor root resorption and dental agenesis.

Ectopic eruption of maxillary permanent first molars: Predictive factors for self-corrected and impacted outcome.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the occurrence, angulation and mesialisation ratio of the ectopic eruption of the maxillary permanent first molar (PFM) and its correlation with the pathological resorption of maxillary primary second molar (PSM). METHODS: This retrospective study was performed using the subsequent panoramic radiographs of 11.924 child patients aged 6-10 years. Ectopic eruption status is categorised as self-corrected and impacted types. To evaluate the differences between the two groups (self-corrected and impacted), the angulation of PFM, mesialisation ratio of PFM, and degree of adjacent PSM root resorption were also assessed. The data were statistically analysed using ANOVA and chi-square tests. Pearson correlation was used to analyse whether a quantitative relationship exists between PFM mesialisation ratio and PSM root resorption. RESULTS: Ectopic eruption frequency was determined as 0.83%. The distribution of ectopic eruption according to gender shows a higher prevalence in males than females. In most cases of ectopic eruption, the eruption status was impacted. The impacted PFMs showed more negative vertical and positive horizontal angle between the PSM and PFM. There was no significant difference between eruption status and angles. Mesialisation ratio of impacted PFMs was significantly higher than self-corrected PFMs. There was significant difference between the PFM mesialisation ratio and the degree of PSM root resorption. CONCLUSION: Even if eruption disturbances do not occur frequently, making an early diagnosis is important to begin treatment at an optimal time. Although the relationship between horizontal and vertical angles and the ectopic eruption pattern is controversial, it is one of the clinical determinants. The mesialisation ratio of the impacted type was significantly higher than the self-corrected type. Self-correction of PFM was reduced in PSM with grade III and IV root resorption.

Canine Transposition - Prevalence, Distribution and Treatment Considerations among Orthodontic Patients.

Tooth transposition is a relatively rare dental anomaly of interchange in position of two adjacent teeth. AIM: To determine the prevalence and distribution of canine transposition in a sample of orthodontic patients and present treatment alternatives and outcome. STUDY DESIGN: The records of 3000 consecutively treated orthodontic patients from a university clinic were surveyed to detect canine transposition in both dental arches. The data was recorded according to gender, age, number and location. RESULTS: Canine transpositions were detected in 15 subjects, 3 (20%) males and 12 (80%) females presenting a prevalence of 0.5%. Of them, 6 were between the maxillary canine and first premolar, 7 between the maxillary canine and lateral incisor, 2 transpositions were between the mandibular canine and the lateral incisor. A female to male ratio of 4:1 with left side predominance was found. Treatment options include extracting the transposed teeth, maintaining them in their transposed position, or repositioning them in their normal place within the dental arch. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of canine transposition in the present sample was found to be 0.5% with a greater frequency in the maxilla. Treatment options include extraction of one of the transposed teeth, alignment of the teeth in their transposed position or correction of the anomaly. The latter gives the best esthetic outcome.

Transposición dentaria. Reporte de un caso / Tooth transposition. Case report

RESUMEN La transposición dentaria se define como una ectopia del germen dentario, es común encontrarla en caninos superiores, pero cuando esta entidad se combina con una transposición se convierte en un dilema para el ortodoncista. Su etiología es multifactorial y no está bien aclarada, es conocido que se produce en el momento de la formación embrionaria por un intercambio en la posición del germen dentario, y con frecuencia, se considera ligado a factores genéticos. Se relaciona con trauma en el área afectada y con interferencias mecánicas. Se presentó un paciente de 14 años de edad, sexo masculino, que solicitó tratamiento por tener los dientes "botados" y un diente "fuera de lugar". Al examen clínico se observó transposición de 23 con 2:4. Se colocó aparatología fija con técnicas de cementado directo y bandas en los primeros molares permanentes superiores, se determinó mesializar el 23 y dejar libre 24, para evitar daño radicular. Una vez colocado 23 en su posición, 24 fue distalado y alineado al arco; para esto se utilizó arcos térmicos de nitinol preformados y secciones con elastómeros. Se logró neutroclusión de molares y caninos sin perjudicar los tejidos de soporte (AU).

ABSTRACT Tooth transposition is defined as an ectopia of the tooth germ, commonly found in upper canines, but when this entity is combined with a transposition, it becomes a dilemma for the orthodontists. Its etiology is multi-factorial and unknown. It takes place at the moment of the embryonic formation due to an interchange in the position of a tooth germ, and it is frequently considered linked to genetic factors. It is related to trauma in the affected area and with mechanic interferences. We present the case of a male patient, aged 14 years, who asked treatment for having buckteeth and a tooth ¨out of place¨. At the clinical examination it was observed the transposition of the 23 with 24. A fixed brace was put with direct cement techniques and bands in the first permanent upper molars. The orthodontist decided to mesialize 23 and let 24 free, to avoid root damage. Once 23 was in its position, 24 was distalized and aligned to the arch using pre-formed thermic nitinol arches and sections with elastomers. The molars and canines neutral occlusion was achieved without damaging the support tissues (AU).

Association between Ectopic Mandibular and Maxillary Canines.

AIM: The aims of the present study were (1) to assess the prevalence of ectopic mandibular canines and (2) to evaluate whether an association exists between maxillary and mandibular canine ectopia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of 983 patients (males and females) were divided systematically into two groups: group I (454 patients) (control group) included patients who attended the clinic from September 2013 to August 2014, while group II (529 patients) included patients who attended the clinic from September 2014 to August 2015. Group I was used to assess the prevalence of ectopic mandibular canines in the population, while group II was used to obtain 40 radiographs of ectopic maxillary canines, which comprised group To investigate any association between maxillary and mandibular canines, the prevalence of ectopic mandibular canines was assessed in group Canine positions were assessed as follows: (1) amount of horizontal canine overlap with the adjacent lateral incisor root; (2) the angle between the canine and true vertical. RESULTS: The prevalence of ectopic mandibular canines in the population (group I) was 5.3% (24 of 454 patients); in group 22.5% (9 of 40) of maxillary canine cases exhibited ectopic mandibular canines. Group II1 had a significantly higher prevalence of ectopic mandibular canines than did the control group (group I) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of mandibular ectopic canines was 5.3%. Ectopic mandibular canines were highly associated with ectopic maxillary canines; a quarter of patients with ectopic maxillary canines are expected to have mandibular ectopia. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Dentists should be aware of all dental anomalies, particularly, impacted canines. Early and interceptive management of impacted canines increases the chance of canine eruption.

Dental anomalies: prevalence and associations between them in a large sample of non-orthodontic subjects, a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: To analyze the prevalence and associations between dental anomalies detectable on panoramic radiographs in a sample of non-orthodontic growing subjects. METHODS: For this cross-sectional study, digital panoramic radiographs of 5005 subjects were initially screened from a single radiographic center in Rome. Inclusion criteria were: subjects who were aged 8-12 years, Caucasian, and had good diagnostic quality radiographs. Syndromic subjects, those with craniofacial malformation, or orthodontic patients were excluded and this led to a sample of 4706 subjects [mean (SD) age = 9.6 (1.2) years, 2366 males and 2340 females]. Sample was subsequently divided into four subgroups (8, 9, 10, and 11-12 year-old groups). Two operators examined panoramic radiographs to observe the presence of common dental anomalies. The prevalence and associations between dental anomalies were also investigated. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of dental anomalies was 20.9%. Approximately, 17.9% showed only one anomaly, 2.7% two anomalies, while only 0.3% had more than two anomalies. The most frequent anomalies were the displacement of maxillary canine (7.5%), hypodontia (7.1%), impacted teeth (3.9%), tooth ankylosis (2.8%), and tooth transposition (1.4%). The lower right second premolar was the most frequent missing teeth; 3.7% had only one tooth agenesis, and 0.08% had six or more missing tooth (Oligodontia). Mesiodens was the most common type of supernumerary tooth (0.66%). Two subjects had taurodontic tooth (0.04%). Tooth transpositions and displacement of maxillary canine were seen in 1.4 and 7.5%, retrospectively (approximately 69 and 58% were in the 8 and 9 year-old groups, retrospectively). Significant associations were detected between the different dental anomalies (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study revealed significant associations among different dental anomalies and provide further evidences to support common etiological factors.

Risk of developing palatally displaced canines in patients with early detectable dental anomalies: a retrospective cohort study

ABSTRACT The early recognition of risk factors for the occurrence of palatally displaced canines (PDC) can increase the possibility of impaction prevention. Objective To estimate the risk of PDC occurrence in children with dental anomalies identified early during mixed dentition. Material and Methods The sample comprised 730 longitudinal orthodontic records from children (448 females and 282 males) with an initial mean age of 8.3 years (SD=1.36). The dental anomaly group (DA) included 263 records of patients with at least one dental anomaly identified in the initial or middle mixed dentition. The non-dental anomaly group (NDA) was composed of 467 records of patients with no dental anomalies. The occurrence of PDC in both groups was diagnosed using panoramic and periapical radiographs taken in the late mixed dentition or early permanent dentition. The prevalence of PDC in patients with and without early diagnosed dental anomalies was compared using the chi-square test (p<0.01), relative risk assessments (RR), and positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV). Results PDC frequency was 16.35% and 6.2% in DA and NDA groups, respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed between groups (p<0.01), with greater risk of PDC development in the DA group (RR=2.63). The PPV and NPV was 16% and 93%, respectively. Small maxillary lateral incisors, deciduous molar infraocclusion, and mandibular second premolar distoangulation were associated with PDC. Conclusion Children with dental anomalies diagnosed during early mixed dentition have an approximately two and a half fold increased risk of developing PDC during late mixed dentition compared with children without dental anomalies.

Prevalencia de los patrones de anomalías dentarias (PAD) / Prevalence of dental anomaly patterns (DAP)

Introducción: Los patrones de anomalías dentarias (PAD) son alteraciones de los dientes que se manifiestan asociadas con mayor frecuencia de lo que cabría esperar por azar. Incluyen diversas alteraciones morfológicas, numéricas y trastornos eruptivos que probablemente comparten una etiopatogenia genética común. Conocemos la prevalencia de la mayoría de las anomalías integrantes de los PAD consideradas aisladamente, pero no la correspondiente a la entidad compleja. Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia de los PAD en los últimos 100 pacientes estudiados consecutivamente en la unidad de Ortodoncia del hospital universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (uO-FJD). Método: Se examinaron retrospectivamente las radiografías panorámicas y fotografías intraorales de los últimos 100 pacientes de ambos sexos, etnia caucásica y edades comprendidas entre 8 y 15 años diagnosticados consecutivamente en la uO-FJD. Se registraron las siguientes anomalías: hipodoncia, microformas aisladas, tamaño dentario reducido, retraso eruptivo, infraoclusión de molares temporales, desplazamiento palatino de los caninos, transposición (CPmSup o C-IlatInf), distoangulación del segundo premolar inferior no erupcionado y taurodontismo. La asociación de dos o más anomalías se denominó PAD 'sensu stricto' y la presencia confirmada de una sóla anomalía, 'posible PAD'. Resultados: La prevalencia de los PAD 'sensu stricto' fué 18% y 'posible PAD' 16%. La de ambos tipos conjuntamente, 34%. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de los PADs es muy alta. Todo clínico debe estar familiarizado con este concepto, ya que el diagnóstico de una anomalía debe hacer sospechar la posible existencia -o posterior desarrollo- de otras, en el paciente o sus familiares (AU)

Introduction: Dental Anomaly Patterns (PAD) are dental abnormalities that are observed together more frequently than can be explained by chance alone. They include morphologic and numeric abnormalities together with eruption disorders that likely have shared genetic origins. The prevalence of some of these isolated anomalies, as hypodontia, is well known but the literature does not record the frequencies of PAD considered as groups of interrelated concomitant abnormalities. Aim: To analyze the frequency of DAP in a sample of 100 orthodontic patients consecutively diagnosed at the unit of Orthodontics of hospital universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (uO-FJD). Method: Panoramic radiographs and intraoral photographs of 100 orthodontic consecutively evaluated patients were retrospectively examined in order to analyze the following abnormalities: hypodontia, microforms and tooth-size reduction, delayed tooth formation, infraocclusion of deciduous molars, palatal displacement of canine, dental transposition (Mx.C-P1 or Mn.I2-C), distal angulation of unerupted mandibular second premolar and taurodontism. Ages ranged from 8 to 15 years. The association of two or more abnormalities was named PAD 'sensu stricto'; the presence of one confirmed abnormality was named 'possible PAD'. The frequency of both PADs was determined. Results: The prevalence of PAD 'sensu stricto' was 18% and 'possible PAD' 16%. Considered together both groups, the frequency of PAD reached 34%. Conclusions: The prevalence of PADs is very high. All clinicians possibly involved must recognize that diagnosis because one anomaly may be a marker of other undiagnosed or later appearing abnormalities in the same patient or their siblings (AU)

Risk of developing palatally displaced canines in patients with early detectable dental anomalies: a retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the risk of PDC occurrence in children with dental anomalies identified early during mixed dentition. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample comprised 730 longitudinal orthodontic records from children (448 females and 282 males) with an initial mean age of 8.3 years (SD=1.36). The dental anomaly group (DA) included 263 records of patients with at least one dental anomaly identified in the initial or middle mixed dentition. The non-dental anomaly group (NDA) was composed of 467 records of patients with no dental anomalies. The occurrence of PDC in both groups was diagnosed using panoramic and periapical radiographs taken in the late mixed dentition or early permanent dentition. The prevalence of PDC in patients with and without early diagnosed dental anomalies was compared using the chi-square test (p<0.01), relative risk assessments (RR), and positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV). RESULTS: PDC frequency was 16.35% and 6.2% in DA and NDA groups, respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed between groups (p<0.01), with greater risk of PDC development in the DA group (RR=2.63). The PPV and NPV was 16% and 93%, respectively. Small maxillary lateral incisors, deciduous molar infraocclusion, and mandibular second premolar distoangulation were associated with PDC. CONCLUSION: Children with dental anomalies diagnosed during early mixed dentition have an approximately two and a half fold increased risk of developing PDC during late mixed dentition compared with children without dental anomalies.

Comparison of the dental anomalies found in maxillary canine-first premolar transposition cases with those in palatally displaced canine cases.

AIM: To compare the developmental dental anomalies associated with maxillary canine-first premolar (MxCP1) transposition and those of palatally displaced canine (PDC) with each other and with the background prevalence in the Maltese population in order to elucidate whether the two conditions have similar or differing genetic backgrounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dental records of 477 subjects with PDC, 57 subjects with MxCP1, and a control group of 500 subjects with no history of a PDC or tooth transposition were compared for canine eruption anomalies and hypodontia. RESULTS: A high frequency of bilateral occurrence was present for both canine malpositions and when unilateral, a trend to right-sided occurrence was evident. The occurrence of transpositions in the PDC group and of PDC in the MxCP1 group was higher than expected. The prevalence of incisor hypodontia was significantly higher in subjects with PDC and MxCP1, as compared to the control group. LIMITATIONS: The size of the MxCP1 group is relatively small. The study population is a small isolated Caucasian population and the results may not be applicable to other populations. CONCLUSIONS: There is no significant difference between the MxCP1 and PDC groups in the prevalence or distribution of hypodontia and each of these groups exhibits a higher prevalence of the other canine anomaly. These findings support the theory that PDC and MxCP1 form part of a group of interrelated dental anomalies that share a common genetic basis.

Retrospective Study of Association between Displacement of Maxillary Canine and Tooth Agenesis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the interrelationships between displacement of maxillary canine and tooth agenesis in age from 10 to 19 years. STUDY DESIGN: The panoramic radiographs of 128 subjects with displacement of maxillary canine and 600 subjects without displacement of maxillary canine were examined. The panoramic radiographs taken between 2003 and 2013 were used for diagnosis other related dental anomalies, including permanent tooth agenesis and small maxillary lateral incisor. RESULTS: Patients with maxillary canine displacement had a significantly higher prevalence rate of permanent tooth agenesis excluding of third molars (p < 0.05). Significant increase in occurrence of tooth agenesis of maxillary lateral incisor (p < 0.05), maxillary second premolar (p < 0.05) and small maxillary lateral incisor (p < 0.05). In contrast, the mandibular second premolar did not show any significant difference (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study indicates that there is positive relationship between displacement of maxillary canine, small maxillary lateral incisor and permanent tooth agenesis. Especially, maxillary lateral incisor and maxillary second premolar have strong association with maxillary canine displacement. Consequently, permanent tooth agenesis and small maxillary lateral incisor can be a predictor of maxillary canine displacement.

Prevalence and distribution of dental anomalies: a comparison between maxillary and mandibular tooth agenesis.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to compare the pattern and prevalence of associated dental anomalies between maxillary and mandibular tooth agenesis (hypodontia). METHODS: A sample of 3315 dental patients, aged 8.6 to 25.4 years, was surveyed for tooth agenesis (excluding third molars): 106 subjects were diagnosed with maxillary hypodontia (group 1) and 70 with mandibular hypodontia (group 2). Both groups were examined for the following dental anomalies: retained deciduous molars, infraocclusion of deciduous molars, impaction, microdontia of maxillary lateral incisors, supernumerary teeth, transposition, transmigration, and ectopic eruption of the permanent molars. For statistical testing, the chi-square test (P <0.05) was used to compare the occurrences of these anomalies among the groups. RESULTS: We found that 77.5% of the patients in the mandibular hypodontia group had at least 1 dental anomaly compared with 49.5% in the maxillary hypodontia group (P <0.0001). The only dental anomaly with a significantly increased prevalence in the maxillary hypodontia group compared with the mandibular hypodontia group was microdontia of the maxillary lateral incisors (groups 1, 46.7%; group 2, 12.9%; P <0.0001). On the other hand, the prevalences of retained deciduous molars (group 1, 9.4%; group 2, 60.0%), infraoccluded deciduous molars (group 1, 0.9%; group 2, 7.1%), and impacted teeth (group 1, 22.6%; group 2, 38.6%) were significantly higher in the mandibular hypodontia group. The prevalences of supernumerary teeth, transposition, transmigration, and ectopic eruption of permanent molars were low and not significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Tooth agenesis isolated to the maxilla is frequently associated with microdontia of the maxillary lateral incisors, whereas tooth agenesis isolated to the mandible is frequently associated with retained deciduous molars, infraoccluded deciduous molars, and impacted teeth. The results of this study may provide additional evidence supporting the field-specific genetic control theory for dental development in both jaws.

Spectrum of Dental Phenotypes in Nonsyndromic Orofacial Clefting.

Children with oral clefts show a wide range of dental anomalies, adding complexity to understanding the phenotypic spectrum of orofacial clefting. The evidence is mixed, however, on whether the prevalence of dental anomalies is elevated in unaffected relatives and is mostly based on small samples. In the largest international cohort to date of children with nonsyndromic clefts, their relatives, and controls, this study characterizes the spectrum of cleft-related dental anomalies and evaluates whether families with clefting have a significantly higher risk for such anomalies compared with the general population. A total of 3,811 individuals were included: 660 cases with clefts, 1,922 unaffected relatives, and 1,229 controls. Dental anomalies were identified from in-person dental exams or intraoral photographs, and case-control differences were tested using χ(2) statistics. Cases had higher rates of dental anomalies in the maxillary arch than did controls for primary (21% vs. 4%, P = 3 × 10(-8)) and permanent dentitions (51% vs. 8%, P = 4 × 10(-62)) but not in the mandible. Dental anomalies were more prevalent in cleft lip with cleft palate than other cleft types. More anomalies were seen in the ipsilateral side of the cleft. Agenesis and tooth displacements were the most common dental anomalies found in case probands for primary and permanent dentitions. Compared with controls, unaffected siblings (10% vs. 2%, P = 0.003) and parents (13% vs. 7%, P = 0.001) showed a trend for increased anomalies of the maxillary permanent dentition. Yet, these differences were nonsignificant after multiple-testing correction, suggesting genetic heterogeneity in some families carrying susceptibility to both overt clefts and dental anomalies. Collectively, the findings suggest that most affected families do not have higher genetic risk for dental anomalies than the general population and that the higher prevalence of anomalies in cases is primarily a physical consequence of the cleft and surgical interventions.

Association between mesially displaced maxillary first premolars and early displaced maxillary canines.

AIM: To evaluate the association between the mesially displaced maxillary first premolar (MDP) and the early displacement of the adjacent permanent canine (EDC) before their eruption. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sample of 1247 subjects in the intermediate mixed dentition stage was assessed for the presence of MDP and EDC. All subjects were divided into two groups: MDP group and noMDP group. For each subject two angular measurements (premolar-occlusal plane η and л premolar-midline angles) were analysed on panoramic radiographs. The chi-square test with Yates correction was performed to compare the prevalence rate of EDC in MDP (MDP-EDC) and noMDP groups. The statistical comparisons for the values of η and л angles between MDP vs noMDP, MDP vs MDP-EDC, and noMDP vs MDP-EDC groups were performed by means of ANOVA with Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: The prevalence rate of EDC in the MDP group was significantly greater than in the noMDP group (66% vs. 12.1%). MDP-EDC group showed a significantly larger л angle than in the MDP group resulting in an increased mesial inclination of displaced premolars. CONCLUSION: MDP can be considered a dental anomaly associated to maxillary canine displacement.

The prevalence, pattern and clinical presentation of developmental dental hard-tissue anomalies in children with primary and mix dentition from Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: The study of dental anomalies is important because it generates information that is important for both the anthropological and clinical management of patients. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence and pattern of presentation of dental hard-tissue developmental anomalies in the mix dentition of children residing in Ile-Ife, a suburban region of Nigeria. METHODS: Information on age, sex and socioeconomic status was collected from 1,036 children aged four months to 12 years through a household survey. Clinical examination was conducted to assess the presence of dental anomalies. Associations between age, sex, socioeconomic status, prevalence, and pattern of presentation of the developmental hard-tissue dental anomalies were determined. RESULT: Two hundred and seventy six (26.6%) children had dental anomalies. Of these, 23.8% had one anomaly, 2.5% had two anomalies, and 0.3% had more than two anomalies. Of the children with anomalies, 49.3%were male, 50.7%were female, and 47.8%, 28.6% and 23.6% were children from low, middle and high socioeconomic classes, respectively. More anomalies were seen in permanent than primary dentition. Anomalies of tooth structure were most prevalent (16.1%); anomalies which affect tooth number were least prevalent (1.3%). Dens evaginatus, peg-shaped lateral, macrodontia, and talon cusp were more prevalent in the permanent dentition, and dens evaginatus peg-shaped lateral and macrodontia were more prevalent in the maxilla. There were significantly more macrodontia anomalies in males and in children of high socioeconomic status. CONCLUSION: This large survey of dental hard-tissue anomalies found in the primary dentition and mixed dentition of children in Nigeria provides anthropological and clinical data that may aid the detection and management of dental problems of children in Nigeria.

Características de la oclusión en niñas y niños malienses, cubanos y venezolanos de 5 a 9 años: estudio descriptivo / A descriptive study of malocclusion in Malian, Cuban and Venezuelan 5-9 year-old children

Introducción El conocimiento del estado de salud bucal de la población es indispensable para la correcta planificación, organización, dirección y control de la atención estomatológica. Su evaluación periódica permite conocer los logros alcanzados en la aplicación de programas de atención primaria y hacer los ajustes necesarios para el cumplimiento de los objetivos y estrategias. En este contexto, la intervención con ortodoncia temprana permite promover el desarrollo favorable de la oclusión y suprimir los cambios desfavorables. Objetivos El presente estudio busca explorar las características de la oclusión dentaria en niñas y niños malienses, cubanos y venezolanos; provenientes de Bamako, Malí, en África (en el período 2006 a 2008), en el estado de Portuguesa en Venezuela (de 2011 a 2013), y en el municipio Bartolomé Masó de Granma, Cuba (desde 2009 hasta 2011). Además pretende determinar la prevalencia, clasificar las maloclusiones según la categorización de Angle e identificar los factores de riesgos asociados a las oclusiones. Materiales y métodos Se realizó un estudio descriptivo-transversal, utilizándose el muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple-estratificado, dependiendo de la edad del paciente, del tiempo transcurrido en cada misión –que fue de dos años- y el lugar donde se efectuó el estudio. Dentro de los pacientes que acudieron a los servicios odonto-estomatológicos para su atención básica, se seleccionaron aquellos que tenían entre cinco y nueve años cumplidos, recogiendo los datos en un formulario confeccionado para estos efectos. Resultados La maloclusión más observada se produce en los niños cubanos con 79,1 por ciento, le siguen los venezolanos que presentaron 67,2 por ciento y los malienses 40 por ciento. En relación a la clasificación de Angle, sigue siendo la clase I la que predomina por sobre las demás, con registros de 50,2 por ciento en malienses, 58,5 por ciento en venezolanos y 78,7 por ciento en los cubanos.

Introduction Awareness of the oral health status of a population is indispensable to correctly plan, organize, direct and supervise dental care. Its periodic evaluation allows monitoring the progress of primary dental care programs, and introducing necessary adjustments in order to accomplish dental care goals. In this context, early orthodontic intervention allows correct development of oral occlusion and prevents complications. Objective The purpose of this study is to study dental occlusion characteristics in Malian, Cuban, and Venezuelan children from Bamako, Mali (between 2006 and 2008), the state of Portuguesa, Venezuela (between 2011 and 2013), and Bartolome Maso in Granma, Cuba (between 2009 and 2011). It also aims to determine prevalence, to classify malocclusion according to Angle criteria, and to identify risk factors for this condition. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using simple or stratified random sampling depending on the patient’s age, the time period of the mission (two years) and the place where the study was conducted. Among the patients seeking basic dental care, those who were between five and nine years old were included and their data collected in a form designed for that purpose. ResultsMalocclusion is most frequently found in Cuban children (79.1 percent), followed by Venezuelan children (67.2 percent) and Malian children (40 percent). Angle type I malocclusion predominates with 50.2 percent in Malian, 58.5 percent in Venezuelan, and 78.7 in Cubans. One of the most important risk factors was dental cavities in the three groups: 91.8 percent in Malian, 78.26 percent in Venezuelan, and 34.7 percent in Cubans. Deforming oral habits were also observed from 40.7 percent, 65.5 percent up to 72.1 percent. Premature tooth loss appeared between 60 percent and 84.1 percent and was directly related to dental cavities. Interproximal cavities and defective dental restorations were also observed.

Frecuencia de transposición dental en las clínicas de postgrado de odontología de la Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit / Frequency of dental transposition at the postgraduate dental clinics of the Autonomous University of Nayarit

La transposición dental es una anomalía poco común que se presenta enalrededor de un caso por cada 300 pacientes. Se limita a los dientes permanentes, ocurre con mayor frecuencia en el maxilar y puede ser unilateral o bilateral. Objetivos: Conocer la frecuencia por sexo de la transposición dental y qué dientes se ven afectados más usualmente. Material y métodos:El estudio es descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo. El tamaño de la muestra fue de 445 modelos de estudio retratamiento de ortodoncia; el tamaño de muestra se calculó con un nivel de confianza del 99 por ciento, con un error del 3 por ciento y una prevalencia calculada del 10 por ciento. Se incluyeron los modelos con todos los dientes erupcionados –con excepción del tercer molar- y se excluyeron los dientes cuya anatomía pudiera estar alterada por fracturas, cavidades, desgastes y restauraciones. Conclusiones: La frecuencia de la transposición fue de 1.3 por ciento; la frecuencia fue mayor en mujeres, con un 2 por ciento; en hombres fue de 0.5 por ciento de la población.

Dental transposition is a rare anomaly, the frequency being around one case in every 300 patients. It affects only permanent teeth and is more common in the maxilla. It can be unilateral or bilateral. Objectives:To determine the frequency of dental transposition, in which sex it is more common, and which teeth are most commonly affected. Material and methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective study was performed. The sample consisted of 445 pretreatment orthodontic study models; the sample size was calculated with a confidence level of 99% and error of 3%, the prevalence being estimated as 10%. The models included were those with all teeth erupted, except for the third molars: teeth in which the anatomy may have been altered by wear, fractures, cavities, and restorations were excluded. conclusions: The frequency of transposition was 1.3%, being higher in women (2%) than in men. (0.5%)